???? ?????: ??????? - ???????????? - ??????

????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????: ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? Saladin lived at a time when the Islamic world was going through profound changes. Since the later 11th century, the Turkish ruling elites had dominated most of the Islamic Middle East. In military terms Arabs and Persians were being pushed aside, though they continued to dominate the religious, cultural and commercial elites. Meanwhile Kurds had only limited and localized importance, which makes the rise of a man of Kurdish origins like Saladin unusual.